金枪鱼(Thunnus)延绳钓作业研究 ——以印度洋东部中国船队为例

报道中国水产总公司金枪鱼船队1997年5月至1999年5月期间在印度洋东部海域进行延绳钓作业的有关情况。结果显示船均月产量，以尾数计在49～175尾之间波动，最高出现于1998年9月，最低出现于1997年5月，平均116尾/船     

Assessment of metals in sediments from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, using normalisation models and sediment quality guidelines

Industrial activity since the 1890s and, more recently catchment development has resulted in significant metal contamination in Lake Macquarie, an estuary in New South Wales, Australia. This paper presents an analysis of metal concentrations in surface sediments from Lake Macquarie using normalisation models to estimate enrichment relative to natural background concentrations and by comparing concentrations with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and effects range median quotients to assess the potential for ecological harm. Of the 12 metals examined, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver and zinc were enriched in surface sediments throughout the lake. The greatest contamination was found in the north of the lake and, for selenium, also in areas adjacent to two power stations. Comparisons with SQGs and effects range median quotients found that sediments from a site in Cockle Bay had concentrations of metals with the highest likelihood of causing adverse effects on sediment associated biota, and that the likelihood adverse decreased with distance from Cockle Bay. Comparisons with historical sediment quality data indicated that there has been a marked reduction in surface metal concentrations throughout the lake over 15 years. Models could not be constructed for all metals due to low background concentrations. For most metals, simple linear regression models were adequate, but for selenium and arsenic a multiple regression model provided a better estimate of background concentrations. SQGs possibly overestimated effects for arsenic, which has naturally high concentrations in the lake and underestimated the potential for ecological effects in coarser sediments.     

海湾扇贝人工育苗高产,稳产技术的研究

本文认为优选亲贝、强化各期营养和严格防病及单胞藻培养中采取一次培养和抑菌等措施,是海湾扇贝人工育苗稳产的基本要求;在此基础上:高密度采卵和分池洗卵、孵化,提高幼虫培育密度和水温,加强投饵,加大换水等技术,是取得高产的有力保障。另外,幼虫池加投光合细菌和泼洒V_(B1、V_(B12)的效果试验表明:二者皆可提高幼虫的成活率和变态率,提早出现眼点等,并对提高稚贝成活率起到了积极作用。     

图解法与矩法沉积物粒度参数的对比

采用Folk Ward图解法公式和McManus矩法公式 ,分别计算了山东半岛月湖地区 2 70个底质样品的粒度参数 (粒度分析用Cilas 940L型激光粒度仪与筛析法相结合 )并进行了比较。分析结果显示 ,两种方法所获的平均粒径和分选系数基本相同 ,偏态值相差较大 (但仍存在显著相关性 ) ,而峰态值不能相互转换。偏态值差异的原因在于 ,图解法的偏态指示了主要粒度组分的尾部特征 ,而矩法的偏态反映了样品总体的尾部特征。峰态值的差异是由于图解法所反映的往往只是样品的某一组分的粒度特征 ,计算方法比较粗略 ,而矩法反映了样品的总体特征 ,计算方法比较精确。在沉积环境分析、粒径趋势分析、历史数据解译时 ,应充分考虑这两种方法的差异。     

印度洋东部延绳钓渔业渔获组成的初步研究

分析1997年6月至1999年5月期间中国水产总公司金枪鱼船队在印度洋东部赤道水域作业的有关数据。结果显示，渔获物以大眼金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼为主，二者分别占渔获物总重量的60．00％和20．88％，以及渔获物总尾数的41．39％、11．51％。渔获组成具有明显的逐月变化。     

The effects of sediment characteristics and wave height on shape-parameter for representing equilibrium beach profiles

The shape parameter helps determining the shape of equilibrium beach profile in terms of offshore distance and water depth. The shape parameter therefore, should represent the effect of all the environmental factors involved in beach profile formation, such as wave climate and sediment properties. However, all the previous studies carried out to define shape parameter only consider the effects of sediment characteristics in their definitions. The aim of this study is to add the effect of wave climate also in the definition of shape parameter. This is achieved by integrating wave energy dissipation rate per unit volume at the surf zone. The result yields equilibrium wave energy dissipation rate that leads to theoretical definition of equilibrium beach profiles involving the effects of both the grain size and the wave climate parameters. It is found that the sediment grain size and the incoming wave height affect the value of shape parameter; whereas, the effects of wave period can be neglected. By means of energy equation, it is also possible to observe in macro scale the strength of wave energy on beach profile for different grain sizes. The findings also bring about the possibility of defining shape parameter such that any two arbitrary beach profiles owning the same sediment grain sizes can have the opportunity to have different beach profile formations. Finally, by adding the effect of wave height in the definition of shape parameter the graphical representation of the parameter, previously given by Moore (1982) is improved herein.     

南流江水下三角洲沉积物类型特征及其分布规律

通过综合分析，发现影响沉积物类型空间排列的主要因素是水动力条件，各类沉积物粒级分区的排列方向明显与海流方向一致。基本上为近南北向排列，与落潮方向一致。并且，沉积物粒度明显与海流的强弱有关，强海流区，粗粒级沉积物发育；弱海流区，细粒级沉积物发育，此外，沉积物的物源也影响其粒级的分布。     

Verification of sediment transport rate parameter on cross-shore sediment transport analysis

The sediment transport parameter helps determining the amount of sediment transport in cross-shore direction. The sediment transport parameter therefore, should represent the effect of necessary environmental factors involved in cross-shore beach profile formation. However, all the previous studies carried out for defining shape parameter consider the parameter as a calibration value. The aim of this study is to add the effect of wave climate and grain size characteristics in the definition of transport rate parameter and thus witness their influence on the parameter. This is achieved by taking the difference in between “the equilibrium wave energy dissipation rate” and “the wave energy dissipation rate” to generate a definition for the bulk of sediment, dislocating within a given time interval until the beach tends reach an equilibrium conditions. The result yields that empirical definition of transport rate parameter primarily governs the time response of the beach profile. Smaller transport rate value gives a longer elapsed time before equilibrium is attained on the beach profile. It is shown that any significant change in sediment diameter or wave climate proportionally increases the value of the shape parameter. However, the effect of change in wave height or period on sediment transport parameter is not as credit to as mean sediment characteristics.     

The stream hydrology response of converting a headwater pasture catchment to Pinus radiata plantation

ABSTRACT

The planting of degraded land with tree plantations may be effective at improving land use sustainability and profitability but it can also have significant effects on stream hydrology. In this paired catchment study, we report the stream hydrological response to partial (62%) afforestation of a steep pastoral catchment in the western Waikato Region, North Island, New Zealand. We comprehensively analyse the hydrological regime changes over a 23-year period (including eight years before pine planting) with reference to a native-forested ‘control’ catchment. Our results show that afforestation has markedly affected stream hydrology. Seven years after planting, the total annual runoff was 380?mm lower than predicted for the catchment in pasture. Two phases of plantation thinning resulted in the difference between measured and predicted runoff reducing to only 129?mm. Peak flows reduced by ～50% while total stormflow reduced by ～30% – which we attribute to canopy interception attenuating and delaying water yield. The impact of plantation establishment on low flows is not so clear, although afforestation appears to have reduced low flows by ～25%. This study provides information on the hydrological impact of afforestation within a hitherto poorly-represented New Zealand environment (i.e. high rainfall, sedimentary lithology-based, North Island hill country).     

Mylonitic deformation of gabbro in the lower crust: A case study from the Pankenushi gabbro in the Hidaka metamorphic belt of central Hokkaido, Japan

The mylonitization of the Pankenushi gabbro in the Hidaka metamorphic belt of central Hokkaido, Japan, occurred along its western margin at ≈600 MPa and 660–700 °C through dynamic recrystallization of plagioclase and a retrograde reaction from granulite facies to amphibolite facies (orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + H₂O = hornblende + quartz). The reaction produced a fine-grained (≤100 μm) polymineralic aggregate composed of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, quartz, hornblende, biotite and ilmenite, into which strain is localized. The dynamic recrystallization of plagioclase occurred by grain boundary migration, and produced a monomineralic aggregate of grains whose crystallographic orientations are mostly unrelated to those of porphyroclasts. The monomineralic plagioclase aggregates and the fine-grained polymineralic aggregates are interlayered and define the mylonitic foliation, while the latter is also mixed into the former by grain boundary sliding to form a rather homogeneous polymineralic matrix in ultramylonites. However in both mylonite and ultramylonite, plagioclase aggregates form a stress-supporting framework, and therefore controlled the rock rheology. Crystal plastic deformation of pyroxenes and plagioclase with dominant (100)[001] and (001)1/2 slip systems, respectively, produced distinct shape- and crystallographic-preferred orientations of pyroxene porphyroclasts and dynamically recrystallized plagioclase grains in both mylonite and ultramylonite. Euhedral to subhedral growth of hornblende in pyroxene porphyroclast tails during the reaction and its subsequent rigid rotation in the fine-grained polymineralic aggregate or matrix produced clear shape- and crystallographic-preferred orientations of hornblende grains in both mylonite and ultramylonite. In contrast, the dominant grain boundary sliding of pyroxene and quartz grains in the fine-grained polymineralic aggregate of the mylonite resulted in their very weak shape- and crystallographic-preferred orientations. In the fine-grained polymineralic matrix of the ultramylonite, however, pyroxene and quartz grains became scattered and isolated in the plagioclase aggregate so that they were crystal-plastically deformed leading to stronger shape- and crystallographic-preferred orientations than those seen in the mylonite.